Aquaculture in Asia / September update

Disclaimer: This is not an extensive review of aquaculture in each country, this is a digest of the news about aquaculture in Asia released on Internet this month. Also, please check previous updates: August 2009

Asia-Pacific Region

• EU-Asia cooperation: Approved funding for the ASEM Aquaculture Platform

The European Commission, under the 7th Framework Programme (FP7) Cooperation Theme 2: Food, Agriculture, Fisheries and Biotechnologies, has approved funding (0.97 million EUR) for the project “ASEM Aquaculture Platform”, coordinated by Ghent University, under the leadership of Professor Patrick Sorgeloos. The project involves nine participating European and Asian institutions. The project’s major aim is to develop a strong ‘Community of Practice’ to reconcile ecosystem and economic system demands to promote and consolidate sustainability in aquaculture development in both regions. NACA (Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific) plays a crucial role in the project’s planned initiatives and will lead the work packages on, “Development and validation of commodity-specific Better Management Practices (BMPs) for smallholder farmers in the Asia-Pacific region”, and on “Communication” [14].

• Asia faces water shortage

With rapid industrialization, growth of the population, increased droughts, the threat of climate change, and lack of irrigation, the water issue is more central than ever in Asia. While China and India are undergoing a major period of drought, several institutions advocate a reform of the water management systems to meet shortages and to feed a growing population. Thus, according to a report entitled "A Future for irrigation in Asia", published in August by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the continent must urgently initiate a water reform if it wants to avoid importing more than one fourth of rice, wheat, maize it will need by 2050 to feed 1.5 billion additional people. But in South-Eastern Asia, 94% of land that can be used for agriculture are already in production, so that expansion of rainfed agriculture, which could be possible in South-Asia, would here exacerbate environmental impacts and climate. The need for innovative and efficient water management production technologies is crucial [26].

• Coral triangle and climate change

Coastal ecosystems throughout the Coral Triangle are being severely threatened by the activities of humans. These threats arise from two distinct sources. The first set arise from local sources such as destructive fishing practices, deteriorating water quality, over-exploitation of key marine species, and the direct devastation of coastal ecosystems through unsustainable coastal development. The second set arise from rapid anthropogenic climate change, which is caused by the build up of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. These threats are escalating and ecosystems like coral reefs are already showing major changes to sea temperature and acidity. Further changes are putting the future of these important biological systems in serious doubt [33].

Cambodia

• Marine aquaculture development

The development of a saltwater fish reproduction center in Preah Sihanouk province is scheduled to begin next year, financed by nearly 10 million USD (6.8 million EUR) from Japan, a government official said Thursday. The center will be able to produce between 20 million and 30 million young fish per year to supply fish farmers. Cambodia currently has around 40 saltwater fish-raising communities producing 40,000 tonnes of fish and shrimp per year, according to ministry figures. However, they rely on imported species of fish, especially sea bass and grouper, which are particularly susceptible to disease. Figures from the Agriculture Ministry showed ocean fisheries in Cambodia produced 66,000 tonnes of fish. Export figures were not available for saltwater fish alone, but Cambodia exported 12,000 tonnes of saltwater and freshwater fishery products in 2008 [1].


China

• An endangered rare carp species artificially-bred

In 2005, the country successfully propagated the rare carp species known as Aspiorhynchus laticeps through artificial means and freed the first 10,000 head of the artificially-bred young fish into the Kizil Rservoir in June that year. Another 270,000 head of the species have just been released into a reservoir at the upper reaches of the Tarim River, the country’s longest inland waterway. The move was the fifth of the kind [22].

• HQ Sustainable Maritime Industries will participate in Natural Products Expo East 2009

HQ Sustainable Maritime Industries will participate in Natural Products Expo East 2009, from September 24 - 26, 2009 at the Boston Convention Center. The group is an integrated aquaculture and aquatic product processing company, with operations based in Hainan, China. The Aquaculture Certification Council (ACC) certified that HQ's tilapia farming and processing standards met Best Aquaculture Practices (two star certification) and Global Gap has certified the tilapia farming operations. The Chinese government gave organic certification to the Company's tilapia production, processing, labeling, marketing and management system. The Company owns a nutraceuticals and health products company. A new Feed Mill has been completed producing principally tilapia feed and is capable of 100,000 MT annual production. In addition to headquarters in Seattle, HQ has operational offices in Wenchang, Hainan [28].

• Cooperation in aquaculture between China and Cape Verde

At the National Institute of Fisheries Development in Sao Vicente, a team of three Chinese specialists works on developing a strategic plan to implement aquaculture and fish farming in Cape Verde [31].

• The world's first commercial closed containment fish farm devlopped in the Benxi Region of Liaoning Province

AgriMarine Holdings Inc. is developing the world's first commercial closed containment fish farm in the Benxi Region of Liaoning Province. The Guanmenshan Power Reservoir is the site of the closed containment fish farm developed utilizing AgriMarine's proprietary floating solid wall rearing container technology. The 24-metre diameter tanks, containing 3,000,000 liters of circulating water, was manufactured in Shenyang, assembled at the reservoir farm and stocked with 50,000 juvenile trout (fingerlings) from the Benxi Salmon & Trout Hatchery Center. The steelhead trout will grow to harvest size and be ready for consumer markets over the next 10 to 12 months. The solid-wall containment technology was developed to solve many issues faced by traditional net cage rearing practices that are used worldwide. The system reduces local nutrient pollution of the receiving water systems through the capture of waste feed/feces and facilitates improved feed conversions. It also mitigates environmental effects on wild fish through the prevention of escapes and avoids proximal contaminations such as marine parasites. The company is also examining applications of its technology for tuna and other warm water species [32].


India

• A major investment for shrimp farming and marketing

Prawnto, which is engaged in the sale of ready-to-eat prawns, has slated an expansion to all major metros in the country from the current 3 kiosks in Bangalore to 150 kiosks nationwide. It is investing 12 crore INR (120 millions INR, 1,7 million EUR) which is raised through internal accruals. According to National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), it is estimated that India will consume one lakh (100,000) tonnes of shrimp by 2012. Most of the shrimp consumed in India is not cultivated but caught from the sea. In fact much of the fresh catch is highly unregulated and undependable and witnesses considerable export rejects. But in the case of Prawnto it has a large approved prawn farm in Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu and Nellore in Andhra Pradesh set-up by its founder V Balasubramanium. India is the largest exporter of tiger prawns in the world nearly 95 per cent of the prawns cultivated in India are black tiger prawns. The country exports over 98 per cent of its output making it the third largest exporter in terms of value after China and Thailand [11].


Indonesia

• Indonesia-Kenya cooperation in aquaculture

Indonesia and Kenya has agreed to set cooperative network in the field of fish farming. The cooperation will be about the introduction of Super YY fish species from Indonesia. There will be effort to make 200 fish ponds in 140 constituencies with new farming technology to underpin the development of rural economics [3] [4].

• Sustainable aquaculture for tsunami affected communities

American Red Cross, FAO and WWF Partnership Produces Bigger Shrimp in Indonesia. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which killed over a quarter of a million people, also left millions homeless and unemployed. Shrimp exports account for almost 20% by value of total global seafood exports. In Indonesia, 118,700 acres of aquaculture operations, such as ponds and hatcheries, were destroyed or damaged by the tsunami. With financial support from the American Red Cross, and environmental input from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the FAO is providing technical assistance, capacity development and skills training for fishing and fish farming communities that were affected by the tsunami, as well as for the staff of the district and provincial fisheries administration. Over the next few months, the FAO and the American Red Cross are exploring ways to replicate this program to help more fishermen produce healthier fish in the future [12].

• Indonesia Ornamental Fish Show 2009

The Indonesia Ornamental Fish Show 2009 (IOFS), an official exhibition and business from the Ministry of the Marine and Fishery, will be held at Jakarta Convention Center from Thu, 10/08/2009 to Sun, 10/11/2009. It is designed to promote the richness and multi-variety of hundreds of Indonesian ornamental fish and aquatic products [19].


Korea

• Crisis effect on aquaculture

In South Korea, white-collar workers are seeking jobs in agriculture and fish farms that previously were filled by migrant workers [23].


Malaysia

• Aquaculture joint venture

In Pulau Pangkor is an island off the coast of Perak in north-west peninsular Malaysia, a biotechnology center, a joint venture of Global Hi-Q Malaysia S/B and Hi-Q Bio-Tech International (Taiwan) Ltd began operations in 2006 with initial investments of 100 millions RM (30 millions USD, 20 millions EUR). Their operations include fish farming and aquaculture, and the first harvest is expected in 2009 [5].

• Ornamental market threatens wild species, but aquaculture could help

Ornamental fish market is a complex system with fish first being caught by local fisherman in the Coral Triangle, being fattened up for sale, then held in large holding cages prior to being either flown or sent by ship, still alive, to Hong Kong and southern China. Coral reefs around Western Indonesia have now been decimated by this trade, which has moved out to other areas, stretching as far to the West as the Maldives and Sri Lanka and to the Marshall Islands to the East. One of the biggest problems appears to be that the fish are caught too young, before they have had a chance to spawn fish to replace those being taken. Many fish are also caught during their spawning aggregations (reproductive gatherings of reef fish) and these aggregations are in serious decline. Much of the fish that is exported from Malaysia however, is actually caught in the waters of the Philippines, making it difficult to know the real statistics for the export of fish from Malaysia. According to Dr Muldoon from WWF fish farming is one solution to the problem and as this practice increases in the Coral Triangle it will hopefully enable the natural fish populations to regenerate, as well as produce fish that will mature faster to spawn new fish populations as well as provide fish for consumption [10].

• Aquaculture farm at Como Lake to start operations in 2010

The farm at Como Lake in the fringe of Kenyir is poised to produce 9,000 tonnes of patin (silver catfish), siakap (Asian seabass) and tilapia for the international market. It is among the high impact projects launched by former prime minister Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in 2007 under the purview of Terengganu Agrotech Deve lop ment Corporation (TADC). The production has been doubled by adding 2,000 underwater cages. Each cage can generate one ton of fish twice a year. “For each harvest, we can turn in a profit of 10 mil MYR (1950 EUR) based on the current tilapia and patin price of 5 MYR (1 EUR) per kg, and 12 MYR (2.3 EUR) per kg for siakap,” TADC chief operations officer Rosli Harun said [29].


Nepal

• Fish farming sector growing

Fish farming is becoming one of the major sources of livelihood in Banke district. 695 farmers have taken to fish-farming business and 175 hectares of watershed area is being used. In a bid to give a boost to fish farming, the agricultural office distributed 4,800,000 fish fry within the last one and half years. The return was also good with production of 455 metric tonnes of fish [20].


Philippines

• Good health of Philippines' Aquaculture Sector

BFAR director Malcolm I. Sarmiento said the Department of Agriculture (DA) is eyeing to make a milestone this year by growing fisheries production to 5.3 million metric tons. “We already hit 5 percent in the first semester [of this year]. Our target is to grow [production] by 7 percent. Barring any major natural calamities, the target is [feasible]” said Sarmiento in a telephone interview. Fisheries production for 2009, said Sarmiento, will be boosted by the aquaculture sector [2].

• Mariculture park in Masbate

From being the province’s trading hub, Masbate city now wants to be known as the region’s top fish-farming city by turning more than 200 hectares of municipal waters into a “Mariculture Park”, with a P5-million project that would cover the waters off the villages of Kinamaligan, Maingaran, Batuhan, Bantigue and Pawa. The project includes the establishment of small, medium and large scale mariculture operation like fish cages, fish pens and corral traps as well as the creation of the Masbate City Mariculture Executive Management Council (MCMEMC). High value species such as bangus, lapulapu, pompano, apahap, mangagat and talakitok will be grown in the park. It will be supported by BFAR [6].

• A Strategic Agriculture and Fishery Development Zones in Sarangani

Sen. Loren Legarda, chairperson of the Senate committee on agriculture, said she has requested the Department of Agriculture to extend full assistance to local governments in developing agricultural and fisheries projects as mandated by the Local Government Code. When the new national extension system of the agriculture and fisheries modernization is passed into law, the necessary infrastructures and support services will be put in place in the Strategic Agriculture and Fishery Development Zones. The SAFDZ will be a zone where major crops, both staple and export – are grown, fishery resources established and protected, and livestock production and grazing areas established and maintained. The South Cotabato – Sarangani Province – General Santos City area is qualified for these zones. The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act has a budget for research and development and extension, programmatic and financial, in the Developments Zones where the state universities and colleges are located, Legarda said in the press release [9].

• Vast land reclamation threatening bangus (milkfish) aquaculture in Dagupan

Dagupan City has become known as the Bangus Capital of the World. It was in the previous city administration that this title for Dagupan was propelled and has been carried on even until now, thanks to the continuous promotions given it. The City Fishery Code under Ordinance No. 1768-2003, known as the Dagupan City Coastal Fisheries Resources Management Ordinance, paved way for the utilization of the aquaculture related activities in the city. This ordinance is an attempt to systemize the operations of marine resources in Dagupan in such a way that it will boost the yield of the famous Dagupan Bangus, thus paving way for Dagupan to be truly the Bangus Capital of the World. However, if one takes a cruise along the new four-kilometer Dawel-Pantal-Lucao Highway, now known as the De Venecia Extension, one can note the blatant conversion of fishponds through backfilling. Other similar vast reclamation that has taken place in the past few years not so far from this area were the construction of a mall and a prime subdivision. Everyone appears to be out of it, so who's in charge of this matter that is crucial to the bangus industry? [13].

• Agrilink, Foodlink and Aqualink 2009

Aquaculture-related firms led by Santeh Feeds Corp. will mount a unique setting at the forthcoming Agrilink, Foodlink and Aqualink 2009 to entice more and more people to engage in fish farming. “We are also working on exhibiting as much fresh and salt water fish species as possible, like pompano, siganid, grouper, vannamei, seabass, koi, abalone, snapper, red tilapia, sea urchin, macrobrachium (ulang), sea cucumber, seaweeds, pangasius, tilapia, bangus and other tropical and ornamental fishes,” Ong said [16]. During same event, in its objective to continually alleviate aquaculture-related issues that fisherfolk encounter, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) will be showcasing technologies designed to mitigate any negative impact of the recent environmental crisis [17]. Agrilink, Foodlink and Aqualink 2009 will b held at the World Trade Center Metro Manila on Oct. 8-10 [16].

• Fish for Upland Dwellers project

Commercial bangus production in the lowland is one of the components of the novel project of BFAR called Fish for Upland Dwellers (FishFUD) in collaboration with the local government unit (LGU) of Sumilao, Lumad Mindanao Social Enterprise Inc., East Asian Seas Transformation Initiative and San Miguel Corporation. BFAR Director Malcolm I. Sarmiento, in his message during the harvest, stressed that this was the only sea cage project assisted by BFAR to indigenous people (IP) living in the mountains that also showed that sea cage operations are not only for those living in the coastal areas but could also benefit those who are in the mountains [21].

• Grouper aquaculture, the key to save endangered species ?

Grouper is Asia’s most demanded reef fish, most of which comes from the Philippines, as the country is considered the center of the Coral Triangle, a region between the Pacific and Indian Oceans that harbors 75 % of all known species of plants and animals that thrive among coral reefs. It is locally known as lapu-lapu. Unfortunately, four decades of unregulated cyanide and dynamite fishing -- plus a rising trend to target vulnerable spawning areas – are threatening wild stocks of lapu-lapu with total collapse. “Our wild stocks for lapu-lapu are fast becoming depleted because of overfishing as a result of their high price and big market abroad,” said Dr. Rafael D. Guerrero III, the co-proprietor of Aquatic Biosystems, a consulting and marketing firm based in Bay, Laguna. Today, 20 of the world’s 162 known groupers species are threatened with extinction. In the Philippines, Dr. Guerrero believes that there is still hope for lapu-lapu fishery. “To conserve them, fishing pressure should be regulated and marine reserves where they are protected should be maintained,” he suggested. “Breeding them in captivity is another way.” There are at least 20 species of groupers that abound in Philippine seas but only a few are suited for farming in marine ponds and cages. Grouper fingerlings used for stocking ponds and cages are caught from the wild by fishermen and sold to the growers, but there is now a company Finfish Hatcheries, Inc. that sells grouper fry year round. Its hatchery site is located at Lun Masla, Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Groupers are carnivorous and voracious fish. “The common method of feeding the grouper is by giving it live fish like tilapia,” says Dr. Guerrero. When raised together in the same pond, one grouper to 20 tilapia ratio has been found effective. Groupers can also be raised in cages. Feeding is generally by means of trash fish. The culture period for grouper in ponds and cages takes four to six months. Marketable sizes for the fish range from 0.5 to 1.0 kilogram per fish [24].

• Sea cucumber farming, an environmental-friendly activity

There are now on-going projects for the artificial breeding and culture of sea cucumbers being conducted by the Marine Science Institute (MSI) of the University of the Philippines (UP) in Bolinao, Pangasinan. In Mindanao, the UP is also conducting pond culture of sea cucumber in Davao City, in cooperation with a private entity, the Alson Aquaculture. In addition, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) has recently established the country’s first-ever commercial hatchery for sea cucumber to enhance massive raising of the commodity nationwide. The hatchery produces 60,000 “juvenile” sea cucumbers every month, which can be distributed to farmers who are interested in culturing them in fish ponds, or for sea ranching (stocking them in a designated space in the sea for gathering later). A study conducted at BFAR showed that it takes six months for the sea cucumber to reach 250 grams, the desired weight in the export market. One hectare of fishpond can accommodate 10,000 sea cucumbers. This means that after six months, a farmer can harvest at least 2.5 tons. But before they can be exported, they have to be dried first – shrunk to about 10 percent of their live weight. So, the marketable harvest would only be 250 kilograms. At 4,000 PHP (57 EUR) per kilogram, the farmer earns a whooping one million (14300 EUR) from his one-hectare pond in six months [25].
New laboratory to facilitate fish exports nod

• MOA between BFAR and laboratory to ensure that the quality of seafood meet the standards set by the European Union and other importing countries

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) director Malcolm I. Sarmiento Jr. and Philexport 12 chapter president Ismael O. Salih, Jr. signed a memorandum of agreement (MOA) under which BFAR shall submit fish and fish product samples to the laboratory following a sampling protocol. Meanwhile, the Philexport chapter-run Quality Control Laboratory shall handle the chemical and microbiological analysis of the samples for a fee. This test is a prerequisite for BFAR to issue health certificates prior to shipment of these products. The MOA signing was conducted just months after the Philexport's testing facility received recognition from the BFAR last June [30].


Taiwan

• Recovery of Taiwan Aquaculture

After many years of difficulties, Taiwan fish farming is having better days. being emblematic of the recovery of the industry, Sing Chang farm, specialized in koi, end funded in 1960 at Lunbei Yunlin district, now conquests international markets. [7] gives a very detailed description of this farm, the difficulties faced and the recovery process. It relied on an intensive participation in International Professional meetings, in finding new clients, developing a multi-language website, benefiting from government support.

• Subsidy for aquaculture farmers

Aquaculture producers, except polycultural practitioners, will receive a subsidy of 57,500 TWD (1200 EUR) per hectare of fish farm land with a maximum amount of 287,500 TWD (6000 EUR) per household, deputy administrator of the FA, said. Producers can apply for the subsidy by taking their land registration documents or lease contracts to the administration office of the villages where their fish farms are located. For polycultural producers of clam and milkfish or white shrimp, the subsidy is 4,500 TWD (94 EUR) per hectare with a maximum of 22,500 TWD (470 EUR) per household [15].


Thailand

• Monosex tilapia culture in Thailand

The Network of Aquaculture Centres Asia-Pacific just published a report on the history, status, and future prospects of monosex tilapia culture in Thailand [18].


Vietnam

• International market for sand threaten fish farming in Mekong

Surging international demand for sand is leading to excessive dredging in Vietnam's Mekong Delta, damaging the terrain and the environment. The jump in sand excavation is fueled by demand from Singapore's construction industry, which is searching for new sources after Indonesia and Cambodia banned exports. Officials said illegal dredging in the Mekong Delta had caused landslides and altered the courses of rivers, whereas oil discharges from dredging barges were polluting river water and damaging the region's fish farms [8].

• Cargill Animal Nutrition to Open Aquaculture Feed Mill in Dong Thap, Vietnam

Cargill Animal Nutrition announced Sept. 21 the opening of its new aquaculture feed mill in the Mekong Delta province of Dong Thap. This is Cargill's sixth feed mill in Vietnam. The mill is designed to have an annual capacity of 60,000 tons of aquaculture feed, which will give Cargill-Vietnam a total production capacity of 720,000 metric tons per year. The new Dong Thap aquaculture feed mill will complement Cargill's other feed mills located in Can Tho, Dong Nai, Binh Dinh, Long An and Hung Yen. Cargill has approximately 560 employees in Vietnam and has been in the Vietnamese market for over 12 years [27].



REFERENCES

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