Aquaculture in Africa / May update

Disclaimer: This is not an extensive review of aquaculture in each country, this is a digest of the news about aquaculture in Africa released on Internet this month. The validity of any information or figures quoted is the responsibility of the individual newspapers and websites concerned. Also, please check previous updates: August 2009, September 2009, October 2009,November 2009, December 2009, January 2010, February 2010, March 2010, April 2010.

This page is updated irregularly but frequently. To easily monitor changes, you can use this firefox extension: Update Scanner

You can also find me on:

• Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/lionel.dabbadie) and
  
• Twitter (http://twitter.com/dabbadie)
• Twitter Sarnissa (http://twitter.com/sarnissa/)
  

World

• Smith to explain how sustainability can add value to aquaculture

The organisers of the Aquavision conference say that for years the aquaculture industry has heard that responsibility will add value to aquaculture. At the up-coming AquaVision conference to be held in Stavanger 7-9 June, Dr Philip Smith of the newly formed Aquaculture Stewardship Council will tell delegates how this will happen. Dr Smith, himself a long time industry insider, is the head of the newly established Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC). The ASC is built on a well established practice from other industries, e.g. forestry and marine fisheries, where stewardship councils are already well established. The councils work with independent, third party entities to certify clients that are in compliance with agreed sustainability standards for the industry. These certifications are trusted guides for consumers, the authorities and the general public. The evaluation standards of the stewardship councils are both environmental and social. They are developed by comprehensive round table dialogues, in this case the Aquaculture Dialogues, an initiative of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) [1].

• GLOBALG.A.P. certified tilapia and pangasius are ready for the market

The Cologne based certification body, GLOBALG.A.P. have announced that progress has been made in the assurance of responsibly produced tilapia and pangasius certified against the GLOBALG.A.P good aquaculture practice standards. They add that it is expected that this effort will be followed by certification against the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) sustainability standards once operational next year. One year of launching the standards, aquaculture farms assisted by GLOBALG.A.P approved Certification Bodies have been working hard to achieve certification against one of the GLOBALG.A.P standards for Tilapia and Pangasius. HQ Sustainable Maritime Industrie Inc. is the first company to achieve GLOBALG.A.P Tilapia certification in Asia and Aquamar, the first American company. Binca Seafoods GmbH got the first GLOBALG.A.P Pangasius certification [5].

• African seaweed could feed abalone

A seaweed used in South Africa to feed abalone could soon be found in South Australia. A Nuffield Scholar from Eyre Peninsula has been looking at how to farm seaweed as a food source for aquaculture. Adam Butterworth says the fast-growing green seaweed could help boost production of farmed abalone [16].

• AfDB commits USD 40 million in the African Agriculture Fund

The private sector window of the African Development Bank (AfDB) Group received, on 19 May 2010, board approval for a USD 40 million equity investment in the African Agriculture Fund (AAF), a private-equity fund designed to respond to the food crisis that severely impacted the continent in 2008 in the wake of escalating food prices and staple export bans. The increased support to AAF, whose total target size is USD 300 million, is part of a coordinated response to prevent the crises from reversing decades of progress, growth, and investment in Africa. A result of a collective effort of the Bank and its partners, the French development agency (AFD), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the West African Development Bank (BOAD), the Fund features two specific instruments aimed at lowering the risk perception typically associated with investments in agriculture and agribusiness. First, an innovative distribution mechanism will provide private sector investors with an accelerated return. Second, a technical assistance facility of $14 million will supply business development services and business linkages services to a range of large companies and SMEs. The Fund’s main focus will be African agribusiness companies operating in food production, processing, packaging, cold storage, distribution, and marketing. Investments will aim at supporting the whole food production value chain by providing both capital and advisory services to a wide range of agri-companies operating on the continent [20].

Algeria

• "Moving towards aquaculture to produce more fish"

Because the fishery resources in Algeria are limited, it is now more than a priority to move into aquaculture to produce more fish. And that is precisely what is doing the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, as mentioenned during the 2nd congress on fisheries and aquaculture in Ghardaia. The objective is to fight poverty and improve living conditions of populations in theregions by changing their eating habits through the consumption of freshwater fish. Currently, there are 400 sites suitable for aquaculture, or 68,000 hectares for aquaculture projects across the entire national territory, including the South, according to the minister [19].

Benin

• World Bank Delegation Visit RoyalFish Benin

RoyalFish Benin, Clarias and Tilapia Fingerling producer was recently visited by a Delegation from the World Bank as part of the Recovery Programme For Fisheries Production in Benin. The delegation composed of:

• Karen L. Veverica Senior Research Associate Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, US.
• Jane C. Hopkins World Bank Senior Agricultural Economist in sustainable rural development for Africa Region.
• Dr. Philip Nguala Luzietosso Agro Economist
• Mr Gnitassou Director of Fisheries Benin
• Mr. Chango JICA Officer in Charge Aquaculture at the Directorate of Fisheries of Benin [15]

• Elevages sans Frontières (Animal Husbandry without Frontiers)

The French NGO Elevages sans Frontières launched a fund raising campaign aimed at building 30 fish ponds for 30 families in Benin. It will last 30 days and expects to raise 5400 EUR [17].

Egypt

• Egypt signs fisheries deal with Ho Chi Minh City

Vietnam will train Egyptian technicians in marine and cage aquaculture, particularly in farming grouper, cobia, butterfly fish, and shrimp, under an agreement signed in HCM City yesterday. The signing, made at the end of a week-long visit to Viet Nam by an Egyptian delegation headed by the chairman of the General Authority for Fish Resources Development, followed a memorandum of understanding on fisheries development signed in 2004 by the two sides. Viet Nam would also provide experts in the fields of marine and cage aquaculture farming, Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Luong Le Phuong said [9].

Ghana

• Tilapia, Drugs And Toys – The Dangers Of The Made In China Label

The Ghanaian Journal published a strongly anti-chinese products article: “Ghana, like the rest of the world, has become the dumping ground of cheap Chinese imports. These Chinese imports include food, drugs and electronics. Of these cheap imports, food and medicine have been my objects of worry. [...] As China feeds Ghana’s insatiable appetite for foreign food, the Ghanaian culinary plate now routinely includes shrimp and tilapia. Most of the shrimp and tilapia as well as other exotic fish sold in Ghana and in other African stores in the Diaspora, are grown in ponds on small farms in China and Southeast Asia. If the menu on your food table includes shrimp, tilapia and other Chinese imported fish, this article may not be appetizing. Dr. Michael Doyle, director of the Food Safety Center at the University of Georgia has visited Chinese fish farms and what he found was shocking and despicable. What the Chinese feed the fish is disgusting, appalling and dangerous. Bacteria and viruses pose much greater threats to food safety than pesticides or genetically modified corn. But many people worry more about genetically modified grain. If many Ghanaians knew of the dangers posed by Chinese-raised fish, they won’t touch them with a long fork. [...]”. Other critics include use of antibiotics misuse of drugs and chemicals in aquaculture. The conclusion of the paper is “To the Ghanaian Tilapia Fish Farmers and other manufacturers, this is a golden opportunity to tout the purity of your products and promote the Made in Ghana label” [11].

Kenya

• Tough EU rules threaten Kenya fish exports

Exporters are finding it more difficult to push fish consignments into leading international markets owing to more stringent requirements, a new survey shows. In what may raise an immediate concern for Kenyan fish dealers eyeing such markets, the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) said a crackdown on illegal and unregulated fishing had severely affected the flow of fish into the world’s largest outlet of the commodity, the European Union (EU). Several local fish dealers however said they were yet to experience the squeeze of the tightening market access conditions but indicated they would stay cautious. In 2008, shipments to the main EU market declined by 10,000 tonnes and further reduction was witnessed over 2009 even though the figures are yet to be tallied. Prices of Nile Perch in key international markets have also been on a free-fall as the competition for cheap pangasius species is felt. “The outlook is bleak, as it will take the resource quite some time to recover. Despite the lack in supply, prices of Nile perch are going down. This is mainly caused by the strong competition of pangasius fillets in the market,” FAO said in an outlook late last year [4].

• Fish farming project stalled over lack of fingerlings

Lack of fingerlings is delaying the establishment of additional fish ponds under a KES 22 billion (USD 283 million) government stimulus plan. The fish farming project -- which called for the construction of 200 fish farming ponds in 140 constituencies at a cost of KES 1.12 billion (USD 14.5 million) -- was to create 120,000 new jobs, Business Daily reports. Fisheries minister Paul Otuoma said that his ministry has a shortage of about 24 million certified tilapia and catfish fingerlings to support the fish farming plan. Only 4,000 out of 14,000 fish ponds in the first phase have been stocked with fingerlings across the country. Otuoma said he is banking on the government-run Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute to ensure quality fingerlings are sold to farmers, a move that will boost production at a time when the sector is facing low volumes. The farming project is also grappling with lack of fish food [6].

Please note this news raised an interesting discussion on tilapia and sarnissa's mailing lists, with responsible and stakeholders giving additional information and understanding.

• Kenya warms up to fish farming

The Ministry of Fisheries Development is almost completing the construction of 100 fish ponds in 140 constituencies.

By mid February, the ministry had trained 120,080 youths and over 12,000 farmers in fish farming and construction of fishponds.

The ministry had also trained 195 trainers on fishponds construction and hatchery management [13].

Malawi

• Scientists Urge Investment In Aquaculture

As stocks of Malawi's prided tilapia (Orechromis shiranus) fish species continue to dwindle in the country's water bodies, scientists are calling for increased investments in aquaculture to reduce fishing pressure on Lake Malawi, one of the world's fresh water bodies and the main source of the specie commonly known as Chambo.

Senior scientist at the World Fish Centre in the country's Zomba city, Dr Daniel Jamu says it is urgent that the country finds alternatives to the falling fish stocks that provide proteins to its consumers.

A report by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) released last November warns on the need to develop early warning systems for imminent disturbances of the hydrological circle triggered by the increased precipitation and evaporation over Lake Malawi. The report warns that the climatic conditions on the lake can either result in floods or declined lake levels.

Simultaneously, the supply of fish from the lake has declined from about 30, 000 tonnes a year, in the past 15 to 20 years, to 2, 000 tonnes, Research Into Use (RIU) Information Officer, Ralph Mwenenguwe reveals. Mwenenguwe says declining fish stocks are a result of population growth and over fishing, among other reasons.

In response, RIU was launched in 2008 and focuses on facilitating institutional arrangements that ensures that research outputs are put into use from where lessons are drawn.

RIU facilitates the establishment of aquaculture innovation platforms across the country by bringing together the fish value chain stakeholders to enhance innovation and address challenges in the sector.

Mr Mwenenguwe says RIU will between 2010 and 2011 distribute an estimated five million fingerings of Orechromis shiranus to 1,700 fish farmers.

Currently 4 000 farmers are already in fish farming and own ponds in Malawi [24].

Mauritius

• Mauritius seeking investment in aquaculture and seafood

Local and foreign investors have the opportunity to invest in Mauritius‘ aquaculture and seafood sector. In line with the strategy of the Mauritian government for the development of the seafood hub, investment in a number of areas is encouraged. The proper infrastructural facilities and the preferential access to the EU and US markets provide the right conditions for value-added seafood processing in Mauritius. Investment opportunities exist in activities such as filleting, packaging, canning, vacuum packing and production of ready-to-eat meals. In aquaculture, the master plan has identified potential fish breeding sites around the island for lease to potential investors. Tropical water seafood species identified can be farmed both in and outside the lagoon [7].

Namibia

• Agribank Awards Eleven Students with Bursaries

Agribank of Namibia has awarded 11 students from the Polytechnic of Namibia and the University of Namibia with study bursaries for the next four academic years in various fields such as agriculture, land management, fisheries and aquaculture, computer science, accounting, auditing and finance [3].

• Vietnam to send aquaculture experts to Namibia

Vietnam will send its aquaculture and marine specialists to Namibia under a tripartite agreement between the two countries and the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). The agreement signed in Roma on May 11 is part of the South-South development projects that Vietnam has successfully conducted with FAO since 1996. A series of detailed projects in Namibia will be carried out by FAO and Vietnam following the tripartite agreement. Addressing the signing ceremony, Jose Maria Sumpsi, Assistant to FAO General Director, hailed Vietnam ’s recent successes, particularly its turning from a food shortage country into a world leading rice exporter. In aquaculture and fishing, Vietnam obtained significant achievements. In 2009, the Southeast Asian nation ranked sixth on export of aquatic products, fifth on aquaculture output and 12 th on fishing output in the world, the FAO official said. As a result, FAO trusted in and asked Vietnam to provide Namibia with experiences, technology and a staff of skilled workers in the aquatic sector. The three sides hoped that with Vietnam ’s experiences in the area, the tripartite cooperation model would be successful in the coming time [12].

• 58 Earth Dams for Northern Regions

Government has completed 35 earth dams in north-central Namibia to harvest rainwater which will be used for livestock but could also be used for vegetable gardens. Agriculture Minister John Mutorwa commissioned one of the dams at Ondjadjaxwi village in the Ohangwena Region recently. "Construction of some 58 earth dams to the tune of N$46 million will be completed in various regions of the country by the end of the 2010-11 financial year," Mutorwa said at the ceremony. The construction of earth dams started in 2008 under the Government project for dams, traditional wells and pans for livestock drinking. Nghaamwa said water from the dams could also be used for agricultural projects such as vegetable gardening and aquaculture [14].

• Fisheries budget aims to develop aquaculture

New Fisheries Minister, Bernhard Esau has requested a N$322 180 000 budget for management and administration, as well as aquaculture development in 2010/11. The marine and inland aquaculture programme will receive N$81 667 000. Last year, the forecast for oyster production was about 800 metric tonnes (or 13 million oysters); for abalone, the forecast was seven tonnes per year. The oyster production yielded N$26 228 084, and abalone N$1 252 800. Esau said Agribank would avail N$8 million for the aquaculture sector to help mari-culture farmers with start up financing and for the expansion of existing businesses. Three new aquaculture centers have been built, with an expected yield of 351 tonnes of fish valued at about N$3.5 million. A fish feed plant was completed in the Omusati region, and has produced 38 tonnes valued at N$158 550 since March last year. Esau said other aquaculture projects produced satisfactory results. The Chinese Government has given a grant of N$15 million to aquaculture development here. The grant will be used to upgrade the Hardap Inland Aquaculture Centre. The first phase of the Ongwediva Inland centre was completed at N$11 750 000 and the second phase of the Kamutjonga Inland Fisheries will be completed before the end of this month. The upgrade of the Mpungu fish farm in the Kavango cost N$3 117 104 and N$191 000 was allocated to put up fencing around the ponds as a flood control measure at Karovo fish farm. Last year, the ministry in conjunction with the National Youth Service (NYS), deployed 24 youth members that have been employed on fish farms at a cost of N$271 000 in allowances. Esau said employment in the aquaculture sector is growing, with over 800 Namibians employed [18].

• Case study (2009)on Enhancing food security through aquaculture: Building inland and coastal fish farming industry in Namibia

The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation (CFTC) is the principal means by which the Commonwealth Secretariat delivers development assistance to member countries. One of the ways the Secretariat uses the CFTC is to place experts - from environmental economists to high court judges and law revision experts - in developing countries to help governments enhance public services in a variety of sectors. Mr Kibria of Bangladesh was posted to Namibia in October 2008 on a two-year assignment as an aquaculture adviser at the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources in Windhoek. The Government of Namibia gives high priority to food security and poverty reduction, including through aquaculture, and Mr Kibria considers the country’s aquaculture potential to be “magnificent”. He adds, “Only about a third of available water areas are currently in use for aquaculture, and this is a high priority development area.” Mr Kibria’s role is to promote sustainable aquaculture, including the establishment of marine food cultivation projects, which can eventually be handed over to local communities to run themselves as a means of livelihood. He points out that Namibia’s primary and commercially viable species include hake, oyster, abalone, monkfish, horse mackerel, mussels, pilchard, orange roughy, deep sea red crab, rock lobster and Cape fur seals, all of which could be profitable for Namibian businesses and provide food resources for the country and its regional and overseas markets. These markets include South Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana, as well as Spain, Italy, Portugal, Japan, the USA and the UK. The freshwater farming model now in place for tilapia and catfish, Mr Kibria says, can act as a model for other types of integrated aquaculture, including shrimp farming. This includes development efforts focused on the Caprivi, Kavango, Oshana, Erongo and Kunene regions. Mr Kibria is also working to strengthen capacity at the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources and, in general, to implement the National Aquaculture Strategy, including through training, attending international meetings and producing reports. Mr Kibria will also work towards establishing a certification authority for Namibia’s aquaculture exports and introducing the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system to ensure safe production, handling, marketing and distribution of finfish and shellfish. This system identifies potential hazards throughout the production process, as opposed to just inspecting the finished product. All of these initiatives should help the government to establish a solid base for profitable, sustainable aquaculture [27].

Nigeria

• Lagos Presents Scorecard on Agriculture

It has become a tradition for ministries in Lagos State to give account of their perceived achievements annually, so it was in line with that the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, under the leadership of Chief Enock Ajiboso presented its scorecards last week. Among some of the achievement reeled out by the Agriculture commissioner are in the areas of Marine Agriculture. The state Ministry of Agriculture, for instance, has expanded its Marine Agriculture (LASMADEP) initiative by harnessing its aquatic potential towards accelerated fish production in the state. The LASMADEP initiative has created 400 jobs directly for beneficiaries and over 10,000 jobs indirectly to cage manufacturers, for feed millers and sales, fish marketers, processors and storage amongst others with the possibility of specialisation. The ministry has also initiated actions to replenish the declining threshold of water bodies in the state to improve fish landing. The AGRIC_YES initiative was also designed to produce first class entrepreneurial elite farmers in the area of poultry, fish farming, bee_keeping and all season vegetable farming as well as correct the problems of the old Farm Settlement Schemes in the state. Enock Ajiboso said "As of date, Cage and Pen culture system has diversified into the culture of Tilapia and Chrysicthes (Obokun) in addition to the cat fish that is already popular in the state. Private initiative has increased the number of cages from nine at the pilot stage to 29 statewide. The communities in which the pilot stages were established have taken ownership of the facilities as well as restock same on a sustainable basis. "The Ikorodu Fish Farm Estate, which has been fully subscribed is currently producing at 60 per cent of its capacity. An average of 3,000 tonnes of fresh fish was produced annually from the estate with over 400 jobs created directly and over 100,000 jobs indirectly [2].

Reunion

• A small-scale strategy

Still little known in Reunion Island, the farmed red drum is struggling to find its place on the local market, and even more on the export market. The local aquaculture industry, though a pioneer with 35 t produced in St Paul's bay in 2004, is now lagging behind Mayotte and Mauritius. Hence the need to diversify production. Now the cobia, also called tropical salmon could be "the fish of the future" [21].

Senegal

• Israel to invest in Casamance

The Israelian Ambassador in Dakar just announced a 6.5 billions FCFA (10 million EUR) in Senegal for the development of an agro-industrial complex in Koubalan, Casamance. The project will include fruit and vegetable cultures in greenhouses, a milk plant, water dams, fish farming as well as road building [10].

• Towards semi-industrial aquaculture production

The Director General of the National Aquaculture Agency (ANA), Amath Wade said Thursday in Saly (Mbour), that this year will see the move towards semi-industrial aquaculture. In Ziguinchor and Saint-Louis, fish farms will produce 500 tonnes of fish with intensive production technologies. Wade was speaking at a press briefing after a two-day workshop (27 and 28 May) on the review of the new code for aquaculture. The West African Development Bank (BOAD) has agreed to finance ten farms alongside two other farms that the ANA is currently funding. All these projects will bring the semi-industrial park in Senegal to 12 aquaculture farms in late 2010 spread throughout the national territory, so that aquaculture can be known and used everywhere. These semi-industrial farms will be refunded to private developers. The National Agency for aquaculture is also working on opening a credit line for private developers to obtain adequate financing [22] [25] [26].

• Senegalese fish smoking furnaces

During the second week organized by the Agricultural Scientific Council of West-African Centre for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF) held in Cotonou, the Senegalese researcher Moustapha Deme presented fish processing device named "Chorkor and Block". It is a fish smoking device which allows to overcome the shortcomings of traditional methods. It avoids losses and improves the quality of processed products and their retention period [23].

• An Aquaculture Research and Training unit at University Gaston Berger of Saint Louis

The Dean of the UGB announced plans for the university for the coming years, among which the creation of an Aquaculture UFR (Research and Training Unit) [27].

Uganda

• Integrating Fish Rearing with Crop and Animal Farming

Much as some effort ought to be made to check the country’s rapid population growth, the Ugandan farmer is challenged to think hard about how to use the available land resource to produce more food for the ever growing population. Farmers must adopt more productive strategies. Mr. Paul Ssekyewa, Chairman of Masaka District Fish Farmers Association, and Managing Director of Ssenya Fish Farms, says that one way to increase farm yields is to integrate fish farming with crop and animal production, especially for farmers living close to swamps and river banks. Crop and animal husbandry farmers must be helped to appreciate the advantages of integrating their activities with fish farming. Fish is an important cash commodity, harvested about twice every year and it is also a much needed nutritive food for the farming household. He says crop and animal husbandry practiced along fish farming helps to alleviate costs and increases farm profits. “Animal manure, for example, can be used to fertilise fish ponds,” he says. Mr Ssekyewa is quick to point out however that all application of animal manure in fish ponds should be done under the guidance of a veterinary or an agriculture extension service provider. He says there are specific manure application rates which should be observed by the farmer for best yields. While fish farmers are encouraged to buy feeds from farmers’ shops they are advised at the same time to devise a cost effective way of using farm wastes, to make efficient use of resources within the farm and to make use of all locally available alternative feeds. The practice cuts costs and makes fish farming a lot easier and more profitable. On his farm at Ssenya where he keeps cattle and goats Mr. Ssekyewa has over 30 fish ponds. He is mainly engaged in fish seed production but recently he added rice growing as another farm activity and it is interesting how he has integrated rice growing with fish farming. While maintaining the required water level in the rice paddies he has dug channels around the paddies in which he raises fish. This is one way in which a rice farmer can increase his income and his family’s food security. He will harvest the rice and at the same time he will have fish. Farmers who live close to food processing industries or grain mills can take advantage of some by-products from the factories or mills such as maize bran, chicken offals, discarded cassava or maize or millet flour, or malwa residues and such non poisonous food waste [8].

REFERENCES

[1] http://www.fishnewseu.com/latest-news/world/3390-smith-to-explain-how-sustainability-can-add-value-to-aquaculture.html

[2] http://allafrica.com/stories/201004081009.html

[3] http://allafrica.com/stories/201004261241.html

[4] http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Company%20Industry/Tough%20EU%20rules%20threaten%20Kenya%20fish%20exports/-/539550/908486/-/scj9hbz/-/

[5] http://www.fishnewseu.com/latest-news/world/3377-globalgap-certified-tilapia-and-pangasius-are-ready-for-the-market.html

[6] http://www.fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?monthyear=&day=5&id=36452&l=e&special=&ndb=1%20target=

[7] http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mauritius-seeking-investment-in-aquaculture-and-seafood/

[8] http://aquaculture.webege.com/index.php/the-news/87-integrating-fish-rearing-with-crop-and-animal-farming

[9] http://www.vneconomynews.com/2010/05/vietnam-egypt-boost-cooperation-in.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter

[10] http://www.lesafriques.com/actualite/israel-investit-en-casamance.html?Itemid=89

[11] http://www.theghanaianjournal.com/2010/05/05/tilapia-drugs-and-toys-the-dangers-of-the-made-in-china-label/

[12] http://myvietnamnews.com/2010/05/13/vietnam-to-send-aquaculture-experts-to-namibia/

[13] http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000009484&cid=14

[14] http://allafrica.com/stories/201005120651.html

[15] http://www.sarnissa.org/tiki-download_file.php?fileId=420

[16] http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/content/201005/s2907468.htm

[17] http://www.news-eco.com/communiques/nord_pas_de_calais/agriculture/elevages_sans_frontieres_17903.php

[18] http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=11031

[19] http://www.latribune-online.com/divers/34205.html

[20] http://farmlandgrab.org/13166

[21] http://www.lequotidien.re/actualites/la-reunion/105485-aquaculture-35-ombrine-produites-en-2004-dans-la-une-strategie-artisanale.html?xtor=RSS-4

[22] http://www.aps.sn/aps.php?page=articles&id_article=68964

[23] http://rejoprao.blog4ever.com/blog/lire-article-366485-1782489-le_senegal_presente_son_four_de_sechage_de_poisson.html

[24] http://www.facebook.com/notes/panorama-acuicola/scientists-urge-investment-in-aquaculture/399230985717?ref=mf

[25] http://www.walf.sn/economique/suite.php?rub=3&id_art=64588

[26] http://www.lesoleil.sn/article.php3?id_article=59513

[27] http://www.aps.sn/aps.php?page=articles&id_article=69001