Disclaimer: This is not an extensive review of aquaculture in each country, this is a digest of the news about aquaculture in Africa released on Internet this month. The validity of any information or figures quoted is the responsibility of the individual newspapers and websites concerned. Also, please check previous updates: August 2009, September 2009, October 2009, November 2009, December 2009, January 2010, February 2010, March 2010, April 2010, May 2010.
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Africa
- West Africa’s sustainable-seafood initiative hooks interest
‘Sustainable seafood may be an industry buzzword today, but until relatively recently it was simply the way West African fishermen had always ensured their livelihoods and food supply — catching only mature fish, for instance, by hook or hand-thrown net’, according to the West African Trade Hub (WATH). But with the region’s seafood stocks now under threat, West African fisheries — artisanal and industrial — are scrambling to harvest from a shrinking supply and selling to processors and consumers who seek volume above all else. To stabilise and manage this vital resource, the WATH’s efforts to develop and promote west African fish and seafood are now focused solely on sustainable species and projects. ‘We don’t have enough sources to meet demand.’ West Africa can certainly play a role to help meet this global demand, yet currently no fish or seafood from west Africa is officially recognised as sustainable. This leads to another concern: everyone agrees that ‘sustainable’ generally means from wild-caught or farmed sources that maintain or boost production without endangering ecosystems, but there is little consensus on how to guarantee it, and every buyer has their own preferred methods. Most buyers mentioned the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), but may other certifying organisations carry out their own evaluations and grading. Some buyers claim that certification schemes vary in reliability and could mask a truly unsustainable fishery. Buyers are currently the missing link in West Africa’s sustainable seafood development. International Seafood shows, such as the IBSS (Boston) or the European Seafood Exposition (Brussels) may help. Europeans already buy the vast majority of West African seafood exports, and consumer demand for sustainability is high on EU markets [2].
- Training course on "Identification, piloting and assessment of rural fish farming development projects"
The course will be given by APDRA from June 14 to August 7, 2010 in France. For more detail, contact 01 69 20 38 49 or catherine.apdraf@free.fr [3].
- International theoretical-practical course on biotechnologies applied to aquaculture (fish, shrimp and mollusks)
French: L´équipe scientifique de Concepto Azul (Equateur) et de VIGE International (France), en collaboration avec Aquasol et l´IRAD (Cameroun) organise un cours international théorique et pratique de biotechnologies aquacoles (poissons, crevettes et mollusques), du 23 au 28 Août 2010, à Kribi (Cameroun). Ce cours sera francophone ; une version anglophone pourra ensuite être organisée. Pour de plus amples renseignements, veuillez contacter Eric Mialhe, Ph.D.
- “African aquaculture can flourish with support” by Malcolm Beveridge
Throughout the half-century following the end of the Second World War, fish farming in Sub-Saharan Africa was promoted by donors and development organisations as a means of diversifying livelihoods among smallholder farmers. Farming fish provides food for smallholder families, and fishponds, by providing a constant source of water, can reduce vulnerability of an entire farm to unpredictable rains. We also know from Malawi and elsewhere that it makes excellent use of on-farm wastes and increases nutrient recycling. But family-owned ponds in Africa are generally small and, because they depend on scant on-farm resources, unproductive, generating little surplus for sale. Moreover, my experience is that many years of technical advice are needed for smallholders to sustainably adopt fish farming. Yet aquaculture production in Sub-Saharan Africa is growing fast, albeit from a low baseline. Aquaculture has increased three-fold in the past seven years, though it remains less than 0.2 per cent of global production. According to recent Food and Agriculture Organization figures, fish farming in Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Togo and Uganda is among the fastest growing in the world. This growth has largely been achieved through a relatively new phenomenon on the continent: the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in aquaculture [9].
- Signature of the second revision of Cotonou agreement
African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) nations signed today a revised trade and development agreement with the European Union. The Cotonou Agreement is the most comprehensive partnership agreement between developing countries and the EU. Since 2000, it has been the framework for the EU's relations with 79 countries from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP). The first revision took place in 2005 and prepared the ground for the 2007-2013 financial framework of development assistance. The second revision adapts the partnership to changes which have taken place over the last decade. Aquaculture and Fisheries are being dealt with in article 23a: "Recognizing the key role that fisheries and aquaculture play in ACP countries through their positive contribution to employment creation, revenue generation, food security, and livelihoods of rural and coastal communities and hence to poverty reduction, cooperation shall aim at further developing the aquaculture and fisheries sectors of ACP countries in order to increase the associated social and economic benefits in a sustainable manner. Cooperation programmes and activities shall support, inter alia, the development and implementation of sustainable aquaculture and fisheries development strategies and management plans in ACP countries and regions; the mainstreaming of aquaculture and fisheries into national and regional development strategies; the development of infrastructures and technical know-how necessary to enable ACP countries to yield maximum sustainable value from their fisheries and aquaculture; capacity building of ACP countries to overcome external challenges that hinder them from taking full advantage of their fisheries resources; and the promotion and development of joint ventures for investment in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors of the ACP countries. Any fishery agreement that may be negotiated between the Community and the ACP States shall pay due consideration to consistency with the development strategies in this area. High level consultations, including at Ministerial level, may be held upon joint agreement with a view to developing, improving and/or strengthening ACP-EU development cooperation in sustainable aquaculture and fisheries". Document here: Cotonou agreement rev. 2 [11]
Algeria
- A new laboratory on marine ecosystems and aquaculture in Bejaia
A research laboratory dedicated to marine ecosystems and aquaculture, unique in Algeria, will be established at the University of Bejaia in collaboration with the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources [8].
- Southern Algeria: many opportunities for aquaculture development
The Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture has established a very ambitious agenda for the southern regions of the country to increase production of different fish species. Carp and tilapia are the most frequently farmed freshwater fish in the various dams, farm ponds and reservoirs but other species are also encountered such as, among others, the mullet, a saltwater fish that, after acclimatization, can be produced in freshwater, red tilapia, silver carp or Pangasius [8].
Botswana
- Fish farming is the way of the future
Fish farming remains the agricultural sector that is under utilised yet it harbours a great potential towards economic diversification. It is either because aspiring farmers know little about fish farming or they are not aware that it is another sector that can be explored especially because greater opportunities are available in it than in any other agricultural sector. Even the majority of people around Mmadinare area are not aware of the existence of the fish hatchery, the biggest or possibly the only one in Botswana. It lies in an isolated place past Letsibogo Dam. There is not much activity by people touring the place like one would expect in a national facility like this hatchery, yet officials are there to teach them about fish farming. Assistant scientific officer in the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, John Choto, says 90 percent of their clients are willing to engage in commercial fish farming, however, they are delayed by the lengthy processes of securing funds. Only 10 percent of the hatchery's clients are subsistence farmers. "We want commercial fish farmers to come forward for assistance because fish farming has not been fully utilised in the country. People should know that this sector is still open and this facility can produce sufficient supply of fish affordably. "A single fish costs only 50 thebe. To venture into fish farming, simply requires the availability of adequate water supply and enough land to cater for ponds, storage facilities and offices. "Currently, no permits are required to own a fish farm but before embarking in this business the prospective farmer has to request for site assessment from our department and to gather enough information on the nature of the business". The fish hatchery's major objective is to produce fish up to a finger size for sale to prospective fish farmers and for stocking in community dams and Water Utilities Corporation dams. It also acts as a demonstration and education centre on fish farming to different user groups such as students, institutions, organisation and prospective farmers and individuals. "We do encourage fish farmers to do market research first lest they run unprofitably with overpopulation of fish," says the farm spokesperson [12].
Burkina Faso
- Burkina: the fish farming project, criticized by the Supreme Authority for State Audit, must repay 10,667,935 CFA
The report is available for download on the government website, but does not give details [13].
Cameroun
- Signature of a Senegal-Cameroun cooperation agreement
Me Madické NIANG and Henri Eyebe AYISSI, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Senegal and Cameroun signed an agreement aimed at reboosting cooperation between both countries in many areas. One of them is fish farming [14].
Congo (RDC)
- Fish day in Kinshasa
On the occasion of the Fish Day, Norbert Basengezi distributed tilapia fry to N'Sele fish farmers [15].
Ghana
- Fusion wins Ghana aquaculture contract
Fusion Marine has won an order to supply aquaculture equipment for a new tilapia farm in Ghana in the first modernisation project of this type for the West African country.
UK-based Fusion Marine will initially supply five polyethylene circular fish pens but this number is expected to increase substantially once the farm becomes established.
The new farm will be located downstream from the Akosombo dam on the River Volta. The water is of high quality and the water flow at the proposed farm site is constant as it is controlled through the dam.
The project will start with a production of 200 tonnes of tilapia per annum but the long-term plan is to reach 2,000 tonnes per annum and then to diversify into marine species along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea
[1].
- University of Ghana inaugurates aquaculture centre
The Agricultural Research Centre of the University of Ghana, has developed an aquaculture project to produce tilapia on commercial quantity to serve as a source of funding for the Centre.
The project, also known as Cage Fishing, involves sinking of cages into a river and stocking them each with up to 5000 fingerlings and providing them with feeds to develop into mature tilapia within six months.
The Centre is undertaking the project on the Volta Lake near its (centre) boundaries at Kpong in the Greater Accra Region.
Professor Clifford Nii Boi Tagoe, outgoing Vice Chancellor of the University, who cut the sod to inaugurate the project at Kpong on Thursday, tasked the Centre to develop the project into a viable commercial entity to provide funds to support its activities.
Prof. Kwame Afreh-Nuamah, Director, Institute of Agriculture Research of the University, said that the Centre would provide researchers with first hand information on challenges facing fish farmers in the area and how best to help them to overcome such challenges [10].
- Fish for Hope
"During our most recent visit to the continent of Africa, we took opportunity to visit Ghana for a few days as we had learned of some interest in aquaculture development by local church organizations [...]
We spent our first day with the National Superintendent of the Wesleyan Standard Church in Ghana and one of the church's local pastors. We were shown to a garden site that is operated by the church. It would be great if aquaculture could be integrated with the production of vegetables and fruit on that property, but water is not readily available.
We then traveled to the Volta River region where we met with Mr. Bestway Zottor. He has developed a centre for skills-training--including aquaculture--of young people in that region. He has made an attempt at pen farming of tilapia with poor success and now hopes for partners who can help him retry under an improved plan.
Another day, we visited with representatives of the Bible League of Ghana. They were very enthusiastic about offering instruction in aquaculture to volunteers of their church planting/leadership training program. In fact, they identified three priority areas for education aside from the primary course-work: fish farming, snail farming, and grass-cutter (a type of large rodent) farming (prioritized in this order). Thus, it is the church community who has infrastructure and leadership capacity to be effective in demonstration, training, and support of aquaculture.
While I returned to Canada, John and Carolyn had another day to visit with local officers of the Department of Fisheries in Ghana. Francis Gao proved to be extremely knowledgeable and very willing to offer his assistance. He, too, is passionate about the promotion and support of aquaculture. John and Carolyn were shown to a government tilapia fingerling production and research facility near the dam on the Volta River.
Ghana appears to be more developed than many African countries in its ability to perpetuate the aquaculture initiative. Commercial aquaculture operations are numerous and there are government programs in place for help in farm start-up (e.g. subsidization of fingerling cost). Furthermore, tilapia is an integral part of Ghanaian diet, well-accepted, and holds good market value. Yet, there is purpose for financial and technical support from outside sources." [16]
Guinea
- National Festival of Fishery and Aquaculture
11 years after first edition in 1989, the second National Festival of Fishery and Aquaculture has taken place on June 10-11 in Conakry. The focus was the fish supply of population, the public income increase, employment and marine surveillance [17].
Kenya
- Expanding Fish Farming as a Source of Food Security and Employment (from the budget speech of Hon. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, E.G.H., M.P.)
81. Mr. Speaker, the Government has recognized that the fisheries sub-sector has considerable untapped potential for food security and enhancing the livelihoods of Kenyans. In this regard, the development of aquaculture is one of the core interventions we are implementing to enhance food security and provide employment for our youth.
82. Mr. Speaker, last year the Government initiated a Ksh 1.12 billion Fish Farming Enterprise Productivity program to construct 28,000 fish ponds in 140 constituencies countrywide. This initiative is expected to stimulate increased aquaculture production, promote rural enterprise development and strengthen food security.
83. Mr. Speaker, with the momentum for fish farming now building up, we recognize that Government‟s role in the medium term will largely be facilitative, with the private sector expected to be the prime mover of fish farming, seed and feed production and marketing of produce. In this regard, as part of phase two of Fish Farming Enterprise Productivity program, the Government will: first ensure all the 28,000 fish ponds are constructed and fully stocked with fingerlings; secondly invest in feed and seed production, while also encouraging private sector participation; and thirdly, build adequate capacity of the Ministry of Fisheries Development to deliver first class extension services and support our farmers as they expand their fish farming. To achieve these objectives, I have proposed, among other interventions, the following:
84. First, I have allocated Ksh 120 million to construct another 200 fish ponds in 20 additional constituencies that were not covered under phase one. And in order to encourage further fish farming and agro-forestry in the 160 mapped constituencies, I have allocated Ksh 360 million to construct 3 shallow wells in each constituency. To further avoid water slippage and ensure adequate water for fish, I have allocated Ksh 300 million to purchase sheet lining for use by farmers in ponds.
85. Second, Mr. Speaker, to ensure availability of adequate seeds and feeds even as we encourage private sector participation, I have allocated Ksh 340 million and Ksh 1.2 billion for the production of fish seeds and fish feeds, respectively, enough to take care of about 300 fish ponds in the 160 constituencies.
86. Third, Mr. Speaker, we recognize that these investments we are making together with ordinary Kenyans may not achieve their full economic potential unless we deal with the supply chain constraints. In this regard, Mr. Speaker, we are going a step further to establish 80 mini fish processing and cold storage facilities in key centres at a cost of Ksh 400 million. As farmers grow fish, store and process, there will be need for opening up opportunities for fish markets. I wish to encourage private sector players to seize the earliest opportunity and start to invest in marketing fish products both locally and internationally.
87. And, finally, Mr. Speaker, once again demonstrating our commitment to seeing this program succeed by putting in place and effective capacity, I have allocated funds to purchase 100 motorcycles, avail 100 vehicles for use by extension officers and to recruit additional three fisheries officials for each of the 160 constituencies mapped for fish farming. I expect these investments to significantly enhance the uptake of this important pro-poor and pro-enterprise development initiatives aimed at transforming our rural areas [11].
- Fish farming no fishy business
Fish farming is the latest craze in the country, receiving enormous boost from the Ministry of Finance’s Economic Stimulus Programme, where millions have been set aside under Vision 2030 economic revival scheme. The idea is to encourage Kenyans to strike fresh ground by producing and selling non-traditional items that wean them off rain-fed agriculture due to nature’s erratic ways. Domiciano Maingi is one of the farmers who dared take the road not travelled, and his gamble is paying off. Five years ago, he started fish farming at his farm in Kamulu on Kangundo Road’s expansive Embakasi constituency. Maingi
says fish farming is easy, cost effective and one of the most profitable ventures.
On his five-acre plot Maingi has constructed 12 earth ponds each occupying a quarter of an acre and from each, he says he harvests between 2.5 and 3.5 tonnes of fish every eight to nine months.
He retails fish at Sh300 per kilo. The farmer is building more ponds, with the projected goal of having 30 operational ponds by the end of the year [18].
- Fish Project Seeks to Create Wealth, Jobs and Food Security
The government expects to create thousands of new jobs and generate income for small scale entrepreneurs through fish farming.
In this year's budget allocation, Finance minister Uhuru Kenyatta seeks to construct hundreds of fish ponds and fish processing facilities under the Fish Farming Productivity Programme in a bid to promote food security, create jobs and wealth.
In last year's budget, the Fisheries department received Sh1.12 billion that was meant to fund the construction and stocking of 28,000 fish ponds countrywide.
Construction of most of the ponds has been completed, with some entrepreneurs having already harvested the first batch.
The second phase of the project was allocated close to Sh3 billion in this year's budget, most of which will be used to develop supporting infrastructure that will reduce post harvest losses such as refrigeration and processing facilities, and the provision of core resources like production of fish feeds, transport and marketing.
The government aims at funding the construction of 4,000 more fish ponds in 20 constituencies, which will effectively see over 80 per cent of all constituencies in the country involved in aquaculture under the economic stimulus package. A
n entrepreneur interested in fish farming only needs to have identified an area suitable for the construction of a fish pond, and government officials will take up the responsibility of construction, stocking and training the farmer to tend the fish.
The ministry has established a ready market for the harvest in case production exceeds local demand.
Plans are underway to have the fish bought at farm gates so as to reduce farmers' exposure to post harvest losses, according to a senior Fisheries department official.
The establishment of mini processing units around the country is expected to benefit farmers since they will be certain of their harvest reaching the market fresh.
A spot check at City Market in Nairobi revealed that prices of fish have appreciated by at least 20 per cent over the last one year, with a kilogramme of Nile Perch fillet going for Sh350.
Tilapia prices have, however, remained stable over the same period largely because of supplementary production by small scale farmers.
The new project is expected to increase fish production to over 20,000 metric tonnes a year, from the present 7,000 tonnes, according to Fisheries minister Otuoma Nyongesa [19].
- High Prices, Low Stocks Pull Fish Off the Menu
In lake Victoria, the increased human population along with pollution have conspired to gradually pull fish out of the menus and the prices continue to rise. The factories that once churned out fillets destined for Europe and the United States have slowed down, while others have closed their doors all together.
According to a report by the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (Kemfri) in May this year, prices of the three commercial fish species in the lake have been gradually increasing fo
r the last eight months. The researchers said that the low fish output from the lake had led to scarcity in the market, hence the increase in prices. The report, indicating the mean fish prices per kilogramme at landing sites on the Kenyan side of Lake Victoria showed that Nile perch prices had increased from Sh135 per kilogramme in July, last year, to Sh161 last month. Tilapia price increased from Sh107 last July to Sh132 last month while dagaa prices increased from Sh60 per kilogramme to Sh73.
The Government in trying to implement a sustainable management policy of the resources and the Fisheries ministry has also been promoting aquaculture as a way of reducing pressure on Lake Victoria. Early this year, the ministry received Sh1.12 billion to support fish farming in the country. Some 140 constituencies were allocated Sh8 million each to support construction of 200 ponds per constituency to increase fish production in the country [20].
Libya
- Promoting fish farming
During the last past years, Libya has promoted the development of fish farming and aquaculture. According to Mounir Mabrouk Marzouk, the activity is currently practiced in ponds, freshwater and marine areas. Two pilot farms are operating, in Farwa (marine aquaculture ) and Aïn Kaem (freshwater aquaculture). Fry will be distributed in the south (Juffra, Wadi Chati, Sebha, Morzouk, Wadi Hayet et Ghat), using truck carrying 30-35000 fry. The fish farmed is Nile tilapia, locally known as "Dlabiya" or "Boulti" [21].
Madagascar
- No regulation for hygiene of shrimp on the local market
The internal market of shrimp has grown these last two years in Madagascar, but consumers have to be careful because no regulation exist as regards to food safety and hygiene practices on local market are often unsatisfactor
[22].
Mali
- 5.2 billion CFA given by Japan for a Central Fish Market in the Malian capital
The future Central
Fish
Market of Bamako, the Malian capital, will be funded to the tune of 5.2 billion francs CFA by Japan said the government of Mali.
The share of Mali funding to the project will be 600 million francs CFA.
The Central Fish Market in Bamako is a component of a program to equip the country with aquaculture facilities and modern infrastructures.
Initiated by the Government of Mali, with support from partners, this program is part of a policy for promoting sub-sector of fisheries and exploitation of fishery products.
The Central Fish Market in Bamako will be managed by an "Agency" with the status of national public institution operating in industrial and commercial sector [6].
- Subject of Farmers' Day workshop is "Promoting fish farming for a sustainable management of fisheries resources"
A workshop on "Promoting fish farming for a sustainable management of fisheries resources" has been held in Selingué from 22 to 23 june 2010. The minister for livestock and fisheries, Ms. Diallo Madeleine Ba opened the event with president of APCAM (Association of Malian Agricultural Chambers), Mr. Bakary Togola. Mali has adopted a 2008-2012 plan for fish farming development. There is also the fish farming development project in the OHVN area, the fish stocking of small water plans project, the Selingué lake development project, the 500 hundred ponds stocking for small scale aquaculture project, the rice-fish farming project in Baguineda irrigated area, the pilot programme for cage aquaculture and the chicken-fish culture project. In Molodo, a training center will be rehabilitated. An aquaculture development project will be prepared in Sikasso area [23].
Senegal
- "One Village, One Dam”
Senegalese president Abdoulaye Wade is convinced that the retention dams that are currently 220 in the country are an effective way to fight poverty especially in rural areas. During the opening ceremony of an international seminar on the issue, he strongly called for the development of a layout plan for such dams in the Sahel area, with assistance expected from donors.
Currently, there are 220 ponds but the target set by the Head of State is 4,000 villages in the short term. President Wade's second recommendation is the creation of an agency in charge of Sahelian retention basins [7].
- A new course in Dakar
The General Office for Sea started on June 18 a new course on material for sea fisheries and aquaculture that will end on July 4. This is supported by Spanish embassy in Senegal [24].
- An International workshop on sustainable aquaculture in Africa
The Department for Scientific Research will open an
International workshop on sustainable aquaculture in Africa on June 28 in Dakar. It will last 2 days and will be organized in partnership with the National Agency for Aquaculture (ANA), the UCAD's Academic Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture (IUPA) and Senegal National Academy of Science and Technics (ANSTS). This workshop is part of the celebration of the African Scientific Re-Birth Day. 150 participants are expected, from Africa, America, Asia and Europe [28].
- The representative of IRD satisfied by his visit in UGB
- A new minister for fish farming
Mr Babacar Ndao is the new minister in charge of the Ecovillages, retention dams, artificial lakes and fish farming in Senegal government [26].
Tunisia
- Tunisia to promote aquaculture sector
The promotion of aquaculture and its prospects in Tunisia and throughout the world were the focus of a seminar held in the governorate of Monastir. The event was organized by the Alumni Association of the National Agronomic Institute of Tunis. Opening the seminar, Mr. Abdessalem Mansour, Minister of Agriculture, Water Resources and Fisheries, said that the production of aquaculture increased to 4470 tons in 2009, divided between 1125 tons from fresh water fish and 3345 tons of sea fish, against a total production of 1,400 tons in 2000. He recalled that the objectives include achieving an output of 12,500 tons in 2014 and 15,300 tons in 2016. He also stressed the necessity to enhance the local production through processing, packaging and creating a Tunisian label [4] [5].
Victoria lake
- Micro-algae farms
The French scientist Pierre Mollo has just left for Victoria lake where he will work on the development of sustainable aquaculture farms aimed at production of micro-algae. The aim is to improve food security [source].
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.worldfishing.net/news101/fusion-wins-ghana-aquaculture-contract?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter
[2] http://agritrade.cta.int/en/Fisheries/Market-access-tariff-and-non-tariff-aspects/News/West-Africa-s-sustainable-seafood-initiative-hooks-interest
[3] http://www.apdra.org/spip.php?rubrique41
[4] http://www.tunisiaonlinenews.com/?p=40519
[5] http://www.infotunisie.com/?p=42505
[6] http://www.afriqueavenir.org/2010/06/04/52-milliards-cfa-du-japon-pour-un-marche-central-aux-poissons-dans-la-capitale-malienne-2/
[7] http://www.rewmi.com/Le-president-Wade-lance-le-slogan-Un-village,-un-bassin-_a899.html
[8] http://ouada-yazid.over-blog.com/article-aquaculture-en-algerie-des-potentialites-a-exploiter-dans-le-sud-51746155.html
[9] http://www.scidev.net/en/opinions/african-aquaculture-can-flourish-with-support.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=en_opinions
[10] http://www.ghananewsagency.org/s_economics/r_16646/
[11] http://www.reussirbusiness.com/9500-AFRIQUE-COOPERATION-UNION.html
[12] http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=2920&dir=2010/June/Monday14
[13] http://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/IMG/pdf_Rapport_ASCE_2009.pdf
[14] http://www.ladepechediplomatique.com/Senegal-Cameroun-Signature-d-accords-de-cooperation-entre-les-deux-pays_a884.html
[15] http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2010/06/24/kinshasa-se-dote-d%E2%80%99un-chalutier-de-150-tonnes-de-poisson-par-semaine/
[16] http://fishforhope.blogspot.com/2010/06/ghana-may-2010.html
[17] http://www.lejourguinee.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3159&Itemid=29
[18] http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000012178&cid=4&&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter
[19] http://allafrica.com/stories/201006220114.html
[20] http://allafrica.com/stories/201006231072.html
[21] http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-du-nord/libye/libye:-vers-la-promotion-de-la-pisciculture-2010062651783.html
[22] http://www.lexpressmada.com/display.php?p=display&id=35573
[23] http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=62296&intr=
[24] http://www.agrocope.com/noticias.php?id=108590&comu&ztipo&ini=0&ini2=0#
[25] http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article69645&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed:+AgenceDePresseSngalaise+(Agence+de+Presse+S%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise)
[26] http://www.afriqueavenir.org/2010/06/24/liste-du-nouveau-gouvernement-senegalais/
[27] http://quimper.letelegramme.com/local/finistere-sud/quimper/ville/plancton-vegetal-les-fermes-selon-mollo-21-06-2010-963238.php
[28] http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article69645&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed:+AgenceDePresseSngalaise+(Agence+de+Presse+S%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise)
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